en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
pt retirar Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
sv ta av Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
bg свалям Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
it cavare Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
mi huhu Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
nl strippen Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
it strappare Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
pt remover Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
en peel Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
en deprive Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
is svipta Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
en uncover Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
es remover Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
vec cavar Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
is fjarlægja Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
pt tirar Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
ru снимать Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
it privare Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
ro jupui Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
mi pīokaoka Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
mi parahuhu Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
it togliere Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
fr enlever Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
de wegnehmen Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
crh capırmaq Source: English Wiktionary
en strip (v)
― Synonym ⟶
Weight: 1.0
fi poistaa Source: English Wiktionary